Sentence patterns and function words
mŏu…某 CERTAIN… (7)
某is used to disguise a real name, as in 李某: although the surname 李 Li is revealed, the given name is hidden. 某 can also be followed by a noun as in 某校 a certain school, 某人 a certain person. 某医院 a certain hospital.
Examples
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
李 某 |
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是 |
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北 京 某 中 学 的 |
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学 生 |
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李 某 是 北 京 某 中 学 的 学 生 。 |
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她 |
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某 年 某 月 某 日 某 时 |
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在 某 地 |
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作 了 |
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某 事 |
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公 安 局 |
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都 知 道 |
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她 某 年 某 月 某 日 某 时 在 某 地 作 了 某 事 公 安 局 都 知 道 。 |
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昨 天 |
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外 交 部 某 人 |
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公 开 发 表 了 |
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奇 谈 怪 论 |
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昨 天 外 交 部 某 人公 开 发 表 了 奇 谈 怪 论 。 |
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cóng…(V)dào… 从…(V)到 … FROM … TO… (7)
This construction is used to indicate a sequence of actions. Like the other co-verb constructions, a 从… clause is followed by a main verb clause, in this case (V) 到.
For instance:
从 家 |
走 到 学校。 |
from home |
walk to school. |
Walk to school from home.
More examples
这 条 改 革 政 策 |
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从 去 年 |
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进 行 到 今 年 |
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可 是 |
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很 不 成 功 |
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这 条 改 革 政 策 从 去 年 进 行 到 今 年 可 是 很 不 成 功 。 |
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这 些 东 西 |
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我 |
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从 小 |
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用 到 现 在 |
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总 是 没 有 问 题 |
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这 些 东 西 我 从 小 用 到 现 在 总 是 没 有 问 题 。 |
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bă 把 used as a co-verb (7)
A verb in the 把 construction changes the form, situation or direction of the object. A verb in the 把 construction is in complex form. It is usually a verb of method of action plus another element. The elements which can be attached to the main verbs in 把 sentences are:
Resultative complements
我们 |
应该 把 力量 |
放在 工作上。 |
we |
should BA strength |
put on work on |
Put our energy into our work.
Directional complements
他 |
已经 把 书 |
送 进去 了。 |
he |
already BA book |
deliver in go LE |
He has already taken the book in.
得 (complement of degree) constructions
你 |
把 这 个工作 |
作得 很 不 好。 |
you |
BA this GE work |
do DE very no good |
You didn’t do this job very well.
一下 (or 一 verb)
请 你 |
再 把 这 个 练习 |
作一下。 |
please you |
again BA this GE exercise |
do once |
Please do this exercise once more.
Examples
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
我 们 |
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不 能 |
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把 |
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问 题 |
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推给 |
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别 人 |
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我 们 不 能 把 问 题 推给 别 人 。 |
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昨 天 |
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政 府 |
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把 |
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正 确 的 |
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数 字 |
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宣 布 了 |
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昨 天 政 府 把 正 确 的 数 字 宣 布 了 。 |
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yīn…因 BECAUSE (7)
因is short for 因为. A 因为 clause is often followed by a 所以 therefore clause. Both 因 为 and 所 以 are placed before subjects or verbs in sentences. A因clause is often followed by a 而 clause. For instance:
他因为 用 毒品 他因 用 毒品 |
所以 被警察 逮捕 。 而 被 警察 逮捕。 |
he because use drug |
therefore by police arrested |
He was arrested because he had taken drugs.
Examples
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
昨 天 |
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一 个干 部 |
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因 |
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对 工 作 不 负 责 |
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而 |
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被 开 除 |
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昨 天 一 个干 部 因 对 工 作 不 负 责 而 被 开 除 。 |
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因为 |
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我 们 |
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要 用中 文 |
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看 报 |
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所以 |
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每 天 |
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学 习 |
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3个 小 时 |
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因为 我 们 要 用 中 文 看 报 所以 每 天 学 习 3个 小 时 。 |
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yú 于 BE IN, ON, AT (7)
于 is used in a formal style of writing and is followed by a time word or place. It is similar to 在. For instance:
大会 |
于3月 16日开始。 |
meeting |
at March 16 start |
The meeting starts on 16 March.
Example
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
每 对 夫 妇 |
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只 生 一 个 孩 子 的 |
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政 策 会 议 |
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于 |
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明 年 一 月 三 日 |
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举 行 |
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每 对 夫 妇 只 生 一 个 孩 子 的 政 策 会 议 于 明 年 一 月 三 日 举 行 。 |
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chūyú…出于 ARISE FROM… (7)
出于 is short for 出自于. It is often placed after a subject and followed by a noun. For instance:
老师 出 自 于 负责, |
所以请 你们作这个 练习。 |
teacher arise from responsibility, |
so ask you do this GE exercise |
The teacher feels that it is his responsibility to ask you to do this exercise.
Examples
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
我 们 |
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都 出 自 于 |
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好 心 |
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才 告 诉 |
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你 |
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这 件 事 |
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我 们 都 出 自 于 好 心 才 告 诉 你 这 件 事 。 |
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中 国 |
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采 取 |
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只 生 一 个 孩 子 的 |
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政 策 |
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出 自 于 |
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无 奈 |
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中 国 采 取 只 生 一 个 孩 子 的 政 策 出 自 于 无 奈 。 |
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jí 即 NAMELY (7)
即 is used to indicate a detailed or specific explanation. The explanation is placed after
即. For instance:
中国 的 改革 政策, |
即 |
经济 改革 政策, 有 了 一些成就。 |
China DE reform policy, |
namely |
economic reform policy have LE some success |
China’s reform policy, namely the economic reform policy, has had some success.
Example
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
本 校 |
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调 查了 |
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学 生 |
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不 合 法 工 作 的 |
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问题 |
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即 |
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许 多 留 学 生 |
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工 作 |
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可是 |
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不 学 习 的 |
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情 况 |
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本校调查了学生不合法工作问题,即许多留学生工作可是不学习的情况 。 |
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bèi 被 used as a passive construction (7)
被 sentences describe how a particular object (abstract or physical) is dealt with or disposed of by somebody or something. The verbs in these constructions take complicated forms. They are verbs of method of action, plus other elements. Most of the elements attached to the main verbs in 被 sentences are similar to those used in the 把 construction:
Resultative complements
力量 |
都 被我们放在工作上了。 |
strength |
all by us put work on LE |
We have put all our energy into our work.
Directional complements
书 |
已经 被他 送 进去了。 |
book |
already by him deliver in go LE |
The book has already been taken into (a room) by him.
得 (complement of degree) constructions
这 个 工作 |
被你 作 得 很 不 好。 |
this GE job |
by you do DE very no good |
This job hasn’t been done very well by you.
Time/action measure: 一下 (or 一 verb); 三个星期; 一次; 一遍
这 个 练习 |
又 被你 作 了 一遍。 |
This GE exercise |
again by you do LE once |
This exercise has been done once more by you.
Example
Write down the English translation of the following words and phrasers in the boxes below.
美 国 |
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选 举 |
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谁 |
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被 |
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谁 |
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击垮 了 |
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美 国 选 举 谁 被 谁 击垮 了? |
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Reading tips
Would I know the meaning of a sentence if I check every word in dictionaries? (7)
When you start reading Chinese newspapers, you will find that there are too many new characters. Looking up new characters in dictionaries can be very tedious. Even if you have checked every character in the article and have made a long vocabulary list, you may still not understand the meaning. That is because you do not know how to group the characters into phrases and sentences.
You should always use your time more efficiently by looking for the so-called “markers”, such as 的 and 了, which you have learnt in previous lessons.
The basic names of Chinese central and local governments and departments. (7)
中华人民共和国 People’s Republic of China |
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中共中央 Chinese Communist Party Central Committee |
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国务院 State Council |
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部 Ministry |
省 Province |
直辖巿 Municipality |
特别行政区 Special Administrative Zone |
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巿 县 City County |
区 District |
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Words before the above characters in bold can be names of places, and words after these characters can be titles such as 长, 主任 or 主席 . For example, 安徽省阜阳县长张小明 Zhang Xiaoming, the head of Fuyang County in Anhui province.